The title takes up a quote by Thomas Edison (1847-1931) about his research for the realization of the light bulb and carries within it a superstitious and auspicious nuance: “I have not failed two thousand times in making a light bulb; I simply found nineteen hundred and ninety-nine ways on how a light bulb shouldn't be made”.
The experiments planned to establish the presence of cold fusion and LENR phenomena aim at identifying a positive energy imbalance in situations where electrical energy is converted into thermal energy (heat).
A great part of experiments, tests and demonstrations in this area are invalidated because they suffer from heavy criticism on the measurement methods. In some cases it is found that the measurements are made in extreme conditions, characterized by high uncertainty and possible misunderstandings or are based on at least questionable assumptions and hypotheses.
For this reason, it was chosen to be able to carry out both measurements with methods recognized as being easy to apply.
The injected electricity is supplied by a direct current power supply and the electrical power is determined by the product of the voltage by the current intensity. If the voltage and current intensity remain stable over time, the electrical input power will also remain constant.
The thermal energy produced is evaluated by measuring the temperature variation on a flow of water heated by the system.
The setup scheme used is shown in the figure below. Voltage and current intensity are given by the DC power supply, the temperature difference is measured with two type K thermocouples, the flow rate of water is established by weighing the collected output from the system for a certain period of time.
The recovery of thermal energy by means of a water flow provides a stable and reliable measure. The choice of limiting heat recovery to the rightmost portion of the setup (R) made it possible to simplify the equipment and to have a low volume of liquid in the heat exchange area so as to reduce the inertia of the system and obtain a more rapid response in temperature variation. Referring to the figure, it can be seen that some parts, such as wiring and any other intermediate electrical components (DR), do not contribute to the heating of the water and dissipate the heat directly into the environment. These heat losses have a penalizing effect on the recovery of thermal energy and the measurement obtained will therefore be conservative (lower than the real value).
For the research of cold fusion and LENR phenomena, the first step is to define the guiding principles that allow orienting in experiment design.
The starting idea is that hydrogen is one of the protagonists in these phenomena. This element occurs in three isotopic forms. The vast majority of natural hydrogen is the isotope in which the nucleus consists of only one proton and no neutron. Less common is deuterium which also contains a neutron in the nucleus. The rarest because unstable is tritium with two neutrons.
From the theoretical point of view, the composition of the deuterium nucleus makes it more suitable for nuclear fusion reactions and therefore, if possible, it would be a preferable choice over hydrogen in which nucleus there are no neutrons.
Among the first variables to consider there are undoubtedly the physical ones such as temperature and pressure. In the Sun, the process known as hot fusion that leads to the formation of helium from hydrogen is made possible by the extremely high temperatures and equally high pressures.
Those for hot fusion are conditions that set arduous technological challenges and are the subject of study in various international projects of which ITER is an example.
Cold fusion and LENR try to avoid the obstacle constituted by very high temperatures and pressures by introducing other variables.
For example, it is assumed that other elements in the form of materials are also required. While with hydrogen the possible choices were limited to the three isotopes, with the materials there is only the embarrassment of choice.
In addition to the chemical nature, the physical state of the material or a high surface/volume ratio as in nanopowders could be decisive.
To enrich without exhausting all the possibilities, there is also the doubt that a stimulation may be necessary that favors collective phenomena of coherence and resonance. As with materials, also in this case the variables are innumerable and their combinations multiply until it makes you dizzy.
From this brief overview it is clear that the conditions that can be adopted for a hypothetical experiment are substantially infinite. In practice, the choice will be limited by materials availability and the characteristics of the equipment and instruments available.
The results of the trials performed will be disclosed without being an invitation to an independent replica by publishing the following information.
1) Stimulation type
2) Substance or alternatively the tested material
3) Equipment dimensions
4) Voltage in Volts (Ve)
5) Current intensity in Ampere (Ie)
6) Electric input power in Watts (We = Ve·Ie)
7) Water flow rate in grams per second (Qm)
8) Water temperature variation in Celsius degrees (DT)
9) Thermal output power in Watts (Wt=Qm·DT·Cp with Cp=4.184J/g·°C)
10) COP as the ratio between the thermal output power and the electrical input power (COP=Wt/We)
The experiments planned to establish the presence of cold fusion and LENR phenomena aim at identifying a positive energy imbalance in situations where electrical energy is converted into thermal energy (heat).
A great part of experiments, tests and demonstrations in this area are invalidated because they suffer from heavy criticism on the measurement methods. In some cases it is found that the measurements are made in extreme conditions, characterized by high uncertainty and possible misunderstandings or are based on at least questionable assumptions and hypotheses.
For this reason, it was chosen to be able to carry out both measurements with methods recognized as being easy to apply.
The injected electricity is supplied by a direct current power supply and the electrical power is determined by the product of the voltage by the current intensity. If the voltage and current intensity remain stable over time, the electrical input power will also remain constant.
The thermal energy produced is evaluated by measuring the temperature variation on a flow of water heated by the system.
The setup scheme used is shown in the figure below. Voltage and current intensity are given by the DC power supply, the temperature difference is measured with two type K thermocouples, the flow rate of water is established by weighing the collected output from the system for a certain period of time.
The recovery of thermal energy by means of a water flow provides a stable and reliable measure. The choice of limiting heat recovery to the rightmost portion of the setup (R) made it possible to simplify the equipment and to have a low volume of liquid in the heat exchange area so as to reduce the inertia of the system and obtain a more rapid response in temperature variation. Referring to the figure, it can be seen that some parts, such as wiring and any other intermediate electrical components (DR), do not contribute to the heating of the water and dissipate the heat directly into the environment. These heat losses have a penalizing effect on the recovery of thermal energy and the measurement obtained will therefore be conservative (lower than the real value).
For the research of cold fusion and LENR phenomena, the first step is to define the guiding principles that allow orienting in experiment design.
The starting idea is that hydrogen is one of the protagonists in these phenomena. This element occurs in three isotopic forms. The vast majority of natural hydrogen is the isotope in which the nucleus consists of only one proton and no neutron. Less common is deuterium which also contains a neutron in the nucleus. The rarest because unstable is tritium with two neutrons.
From the theoretical point of view, the composition of the deuterium nucleus makes it more suitable for nuclear fusion reactions and therefore, if possible, it would be a preferable choice over hydrogen in which nucleus there are no neutrons.
Among the first variables to consider there are undoubtedly the physical ones such as temperature and pressure. In the Sun, the process known as hot fusion that leads to the formation of helium from hydrogen is made possible by the extremely high temperatures and equally high pressures.
Those for hot fusion are conditions that set arduous technological challenges and are the subject of study in various international projects of which ITER is an example.
Cold fusion and LENR try to avoid the obstacle constituted by very high temperatures and pressures by introducing other variables.
For example, it is assumed that other elements in the form of materials are also required. While with hydrogen the possible choices were limited to the three isotopes, with the materials there is only the embarrassment of choice.
In addition to the chemical nature, the physical state of the material or a high surface/volume ratio as in nanopowders could be decisive.
To enrich without exhausting all the possibilities, there is also the doubt that a stimulation may be necessary that favors collective phenomena of coherence and resonance. As with materials, also in this case the variables are innumerable and their combinations multiply until it makes you dizzy.
From this brief overview it is clear that the conditions that can be adopted for a hypothetical experiment are substantially infinite. In practice, the choice will be limited by materials availability and the characteristics of the equipment and instruments available.
The results of the trials performed will be disclosed without being an invitation to an independent replica by publishing the following information.
1) Stimulation type
2) Substance or alternatively the tested material
3) Equipment dimensions
4) Voltage in Volts (Ve)
5) Current intensity in Ampere (Ie)
6) Electric input power in Watts (We = Ve·Ie)
7) Water flow rate in grams per second (Qm)
8) Water temperature variation in Celsius degrees (DT)
9) Thermal output power in Watts (Wt=Qm·DT·Cp with Cp=4.184J/g·°C)
10) COP as the ratio between the thermal output power and the electrical input power (COP=Wt/We)
Nessun commento:
Posta un commento
Puoi scrivere qui eventuali richieste di chiarimenti, perplessità o il tuo parere su quanto esposto / Please, write here questions, doubts or your opinion on the post