Premise: "Cold nuclear fusion and LENR: one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine ways not to do them"
Introduction: "Experiments on cold nuclear fusion and LENR"
The test in air has the drawback of allowing the reaction with oxygen even if the oxidation process is in any case limited by the quantity of oxygen present.
This part of the experimentation is important because hydrogen is absent and the test could be choosen as a blank reference.
At 00:00:54 (hh:mm:ss) the switch that allows electrical power to reach the setup was activated and the supply of current has started. At 04:06:39 the same switch was deactivated and the power supply was interrupted. The power supply voltage was kept constant for the entire duration of the test while the current is free to vary (driving in voltage limitation). The graphs show that the current and consequently the electrical power increase in the first two minutes of delivery followed by a further slight increase in longer times (completed in about an hour and a half) and then remain constant at the maximum value.
The following graph shows the trend of the temperature difference (DT) and of the water temperature before entering the exchanger (Tin).
Before starting to supply electrical power, DT is zero or equal to the sensitivity of the measuring instrument (±0.1°C). Compared to the activation of the switch that starts the delivery of electrical power, the DT begins to increase with a certain delay due to the thermal inertia of the heat exchanger. The DT value stabilizes within a few minutes and its variations subsequent to the initial growth are believed to be attributed to mixing of the water inside the heat exchanger. At the end of the electrical power supply, the same delay in the response of the DT is observed, always induced by the thermal inertia of the heat exchanger.
The measurement of the flow rate of water was carried out at the beginning and at the end of the test. Assuming that the variation of the water flow is linearly dependent on the elapsed time, the trend shown in the graph below is obtained.
By adopting the flow value shown in the graph, the trend of the thermal power output (Wt) and and also the trend of the instantaneous COP as the ratio between the thermal power output and the electrical power input (COP=Wt/We) are calculated. Since it is not possible to calculate the COP value when the electrical power input is zero, in the absence of electrical power it has been chosen to reset the COP value.
Integrating the thermal power output and the electrical power input over time, exchanged energies are determined and the following graph has been obtained from their ratio.
Before invoking the presence of thermal anomalies in the hydrogen atmosphere test, it is appropriate to highlight some aspects that are believed to explain the result achieved.
Note that with the same supply voltage, the electrical power in the air test has increased (58.1W in air against 53.6W in hydrogen which is an increase of 8.3%).
The increase in electrical power may therefore have resulted in a loss of efficiency in the transfer of energy to the material in the reaction cell. The increase in electrical power is due to the different temperature of the material because the thermal conductivity of hydrogen is higher than that of air. Hydrogen therefore allows the heat to be transferred more quickly from the stimulated material to the water that circulates in the exchanger, keeping the stimulated material at a lower temperature. The different temperature of the material was visually confirmed as in the air it showed a faint red luminescence in the dark while in hydrogen the material did not exhibit any incandescence redness.
Introduction: "Experiments on cold nuclear fusion and LENR"
NOTES ON THE EXPERIMENT
Until now, the experiments have been done in a hydrogen atmosphere. To integrate the survey it is considered useful to repeat the same measurements in the air. Compared to the previous tests (Experiment of March 12, 2021, Experiment of March 14, 2021, Experiment of March 17, 2021, Experiment of March 18, 2021, Experiment of March 20, 2021) the tested material does not change. The only variation concerns the atmosphere in which the stimulated material is immersed as it passes from hydrogen to air. The presence of a vent avoids the formation of overpressure due to heating and reduces gas exchange.The test in air has the drawback of allowing the reaction with oxygen even if the oxidation process is in any case limited by the quantity of oxygen present.
This part of the experimentation is important because hydrogen is absent and the test could be choosen as a blank reference.
STIMULATION TYPE
OmissisTESTED MATERIAL
OmissisATMOSPHERE IN THE REACTION CELL
AirRESULTS
The first three graphs (click on the image to enlarge it) show the voltage, current and electrical power values measured by the DC power supply.
At 00:00:54 (hh:mm:ss) the switch that allows electrical power to reach the setup was activated and the supply of current has started. At 04:06:39 the same switch was deactivated and the power supply was interrupted. The power supply voltage was kept constant for the entire duration of the test while the current is free to vary (driving in voltage limitation). The graphs show that the current and consequently the electrical power increase in the first two minutes of delivery followed by a further slight increase in longer times (completed in about an hour and a half) and then remain constant at the maximum value.
The following graph shows the trend of the temperature difference (DT) and of the water temperature before entering the exchanger (Tin).
Before starting to supply electrical power, DT is zero or equal to the sensitivity of the measuring instrument (±0.1°C). Compared to the activation of the switch that starts the delivery of electrical power, the DT begins to increase with a certain delay due to the thermal inertia of the heat exchanger. The DT value stabilizes within a few minutes and its variations subsequent to the initial growth are believed to be attributed to mixing of the water inside the heat exchanger. At the end of the electrical power supply, the same delay in the response of the DT is observed, always induced by the thermal inertia of the heat exchanger.
The measurement of the flow rate of water was carried out at the beginning and at the end of the test. Assuming that the variation of the water flow is linearly dependent on the elapsed time, the trend shown in the graph below is obtained.
By adopting the flow value shown in the graph, the trend of the thermal power output (Wt) and and also the trend of the instantaneous COP as the ratio between the thermal power output and the electrical power input (COP=Wt/We) are calculated. Since it is not possible to calculate the COP value when the electrical power input is zero, in the absence of electrical power it has been chosen to reset the COP value.
Integrating the thermal power output and the electrical power input over time, exchanged energies are determined and the following graph has been obtained from their ratio.
OBSERVATIONS
This test shows a final energy COP of 0.590 which corresponds to an energy balance in loss of 41.0%. The value obtained is undoubtedly significantly lower than the similar test carried out in a hydrogen atmosphere (Experiment of March 12, 2021) in which the energy COP was 0.621.Before invoking the presence of thermal anomalies in the hydrogen atmosphere test, it is appropriate to highlight some aspects that are believed to explain the result achieved.
Note that with the same supply voltage, the electrical power in the air test has increased (58.1W in air against 53.6W in hydrogen which is an increase of 8.3%).
The increase in electrical power may therefore have resulted in a loss of efficiency in the transfer of energy to the material in the reaction cell. The increase in electrical power is due to the different temperature of the material because the thermal conductivity of hydrogen is higher than that of air. Hydrogen therefore allows the heat to be transferred more quickly from the stimulated material to the water that circulates in the exchanger, keeping the stimulated material at a lower temperature. The different temperature of the material was visually confirmed as in the air it showed a faint red luminescence in the dark while in hydrogen the material did not exhibit any incandescence redness.
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