Premise: "Cold nuclear fusion and LENR: one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine ways not to do them"
Introduction: "Experiments on cold nuclear fusion and LENR"
At 00:00:59 (hh:mm:ss) the switch that allows electrical power to reach the setup was activated and the power supply started. At 04:06:14 the same switch was deactivated and the power supply was interrupted. The power supply voltage was kept constant for the entire duration of the test while the current is free to vary (driving in voltage limitation). The graphs show that the current and consequently the electric power increase, reach a maximum, then drop slightly in the first three minutes of delivery; over the 50 minutes of operation, a further slight increase in current and power is observed, which then remain constant for the rest of the time.
The following graph shows the trend of the temperature difference (DT) and of the water temperature before entering the exchanger (Tin).
Before starting to supply electrical power, DT is zero or equal to the sensitivity of the measuring instrument (±0.1°C). Compared to the activation of the switch that starts the delivery of electrical power, the DT begins to increase with a certain delay due to the thermal inertia of the heat exchanger. The DT value stabilizes within a few minutes and its variations subsequent to the initial growth are believed to be attributed to mixing of the water inside the heat exchanger. At the end of the electrical power supply, the same delay in the response of the DT is observed, always induced by the thermal inertia of the heat exchanger.
The measurement of the flow rate of water was carried out at the beginning and at the end of the test. Assuming that the variation of the water flow is linearly dependent on the elapsed time, the trend shown in the graph below is obtained.
By adopting the flow value shown in the graph, the trend of the thermal power output (Wt) and and also the trend of the instantaneous COP as the ratio between the thermal power output and the electrical power input (COP=Wt/We) are calculated. Since it is not possible to calculate the COP value when the electrical power input is zero, in the absence of electrical power it has been chosen to reset the COP value.
Integrating the thermal power output and the electrical power input over time, exchanged energies are determined and the following graph has been obtained from their ratio.
The different results can be attributed to the different absorbed electrical power. With the same power supply voltage, the electrical power in the air test has in fact decreased: 138.0W in air against 159.0W in hydrogen which is a reduction of 13.2%.
The variation of the absorbed electrical power may therefore have determined a different efficiency in the transfer of energy to the material in the reaction cell.
The lowering of the electrical power is due to the different temperature of the material because the thermal conductivity of hydrogen is higher than that of air. Hydrogen allows heat to be transferred more quickly from the stimulated material to the water that circulates in the exchanger, keeping the stimulated material at a lower temperature.
Introduction: "Experiments on cold nuclear fusion and LENR"
NOTES ON THE EXPERIMENT
The experimentation in air started with the Experiment of March 26, 2021 continues and the current test can be compared with the corresponding hydrogen atomosphere (Experiment of March 18, 2021).STIMULATION TYPE
OmissisTESTED MATERIAL
OmissisATMOSPHERE IN THE REACTION CELL
AirRESULTS
The first three graphs (click on the image to enlarge it) show the voltage, current and electrical power values measured by the DC power supply.
At 00:00:59 (hh:mm:ss) the switch that allows electrical power to reach the setup was activated and the power supply started. At 04:06:14 the same switch was deactivated and the power supply was interrupted. The power supply voltage was kept constant for the entire duration of the test while the current is free to vary (driving in voltage limitation). The graphs show that the current and consequently the electric power increase, reach a maximum, then drop slightly in the first three minutes of delivery; over the 50 minutes of operation, a further slight increase in current and power is observed, which then remain constant for the rest of the time.
The following graph shows the trend of the temperature difference (DT) and of the water temperature before entering the exchanger (Tin).
Before starting to supply electrical power, DT is zero or equal to the sensitivity of the measuring instrument (±0.1°C). Compared to the activation of the switch that starts the delivery of electrical power, the DT begins to increase with a certain delay due to the thermal inertia of the heat exchanger. The DT value stabilizes within a few minutes and its variations subsequent to the initial growth are believed to be attributed to mixing of the water inside the heat exchanger. At the end of the electrical power supply, the same delay in the response of the DT is observed, always induced by the thermal inertia of the heat exchanger.
The measurement of the flow rate of water was carried out at the beginning and at the end of the test. Assuming that the variation of the water flow is linearly dependent on the elapsed time, the trend shown in the graph below is obtained.
By adopting the flow value shown in the graph, the trend of the thermal power output (Wt) and and also the trend of the instantaneous COP as the ratio between the thermal power output and the electrical power input (COP=Wt/We) are calculated. Since it is not possible to calculate the COP value when the electrical power input is zero, in the absence of electrical power it has been chosen to reset the COP value.
Integrating the thermal power output and the electrical power input over time, exchanged energies are determined and the following graph has been obtained from their ratio.
OBSERVATIONS
This test shows a final energy COP equal to 0.548 which corresponds to an energy balance in loss of 45.2%. The value obtained decreased significantly compared to 0.581 which is the result obtained in the previous test in which the supply voltage was set at 25V (Experiment of March 29, 2021). The value obtained in this test is much lower than that found in the similar test carried out in a hydrogen atmosphere (Experiment of March 18, 2021) in which the energy COP was 0.606.The different results can be attributed to the different absorbed electrical power. With the same power supply voltage, the electrical power in the air test has in fact decreased: 138.0W in air against 159.0W in hydrogen which is a reduction of 13.2%.
The variation of the absorbed electrical power may therefore have determined a different efficiency in the transfer of energy to the material in the reaction cell.
The lowering of the electrical power is due to the different temperature of the material because the thermal conductivity of hydrogen is higher than that of air. Hydrogen allows heat to be transferred more quickly from the stimulated material to the water that circulates in the exchanger, keeping the stimulated material at a lower temperature.
Nessun commento:
Posta un commento
Puoi scrivere qui eventuali richieste di chiarimenti, perplessità o il tuo parere su quanto esposto / Please, write here questions, doubts or your opinion on the post